Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common cardiovascular condition that can lead to serious health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and heart attacks. Blood pressure refers to the force of the blood flow through your arteries, which is influenced by how much blood the heart pumps and the resistance in the arteries. When the heart pumps more blood or when the arteries are narrower, blood pressure increases.

• Normal blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg in a healthy adult.
• Hypertension: Blood pressure readings of 140/90 mmHg or higher, measured on at least two separate occasions, indicate high blood pressure.

What Causes Hypertension?

There are two types of hypertension:

• Primary Hypertension: This type develops gradually over time, typically in adults, and has no identifiable cause. It is the most common form of hypertension.
• Secondary Hypertension: This type is caused by an underlying condition or medication, and blood pressure can rise more suddenly and sharply. Common causes include:
  • Certain medications (e.g., birth control pills, decongestants, pain relievers, prescription drugs)
  • Congenital defects in blood vessels
  • Kidney problems
  • Adrenal gland tumors
  • Illegal drugs, such as amphetamines and cocaine

What Are the Symptoms of Hypertension?

The most concerning aspect of hypertension is that many people experience no symptoms. As a result, they may not know they have high blood pressure. The only way to know for sure is through regular blood pressure checks with a healthcare provider.

In extreme cases, known as hypertensive emergencies, blood pressure can rise dramatically, causing damage to organs. This condition is defined by readings of 180/110 mmHg or higher. Symptoms of a hypertensive emergency may include:

• Confusion or changes in consciousness
• Shortness of breath
• Headache or blurred vision
• Swelling (edema) in the body
• Seizures
• Severe chest pain

How Is Hypertension Diagnosed?

Hypertension is diagnosed by measuring blood pressure using a blood pressure cuff. The doctor or nurse uses a stethoscope to listen for the sounds that indicate the blood flow, and this determines the systolic and diastolic blood pressures:

• Systolic blood pressure: (the top number) measures the pressure when the heart contracts and pumps blood.
• Diastolic blood pressure: (the bottom number) measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.

How Is Hypertension Treated?

Treatment for hypertension generally involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medication.

Lifestyle Changes

• Exercise regularly: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.
• Reduce sodium intake: Limit your sodium intake to less than 1500 mg per day.
• Quit smoking: Smoking raises blood pressure and damages blood vessels.
• Healthy diet: Focus on a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
• Limit alcohol: Reduce alcohol consumption as it can raise blood pressure.

Medications

If lifestyle changes are not enough, your doctor may prescribe medication to lower blood pressure. Common classes of medications include:

• Beta-blockers: Reduce the heart's workload and help it beat more slowly and with less force.
• Thiazide diuretics: Help eliminate sodium and water from the body, reducing blood volume.
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs): Relax blood vessels by blocking chemicals that cause constriction.
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Block the formation of chemicals that narrow blood vessels.
• Calcium channel blockers: Relax blood vessels and can also slow heart rate.
• Renin inhibitors: Reduce blood pressure by decreasing the production of the enzyme renin, which starts a chain reaction that raises blood pressure.

Conclusion

Hypertension is a serious condition that often presents with no symptoms but can lead to severe complications if untreated. Regular monitoring and lifestyle adjustments are key to managing blood pressure, and medication may be necessary to help maintain it at a safe level. Early detection and proper management are crucial for reducing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other serious health issues.